As we all know and have experienced, the car world is a hive of bullshit and excuses, as people can never admit anything is their fault, so either blame the car or someone else.
From people blaming poor performance on a misfire when it's actually shit driving or them lying about how quick their car really is, to companies not honouring a warranty by making some kind of excuse to blame it on user-error- Excuses are a 'car thing'.

The inspiration for this mini-feature was hearing one of the most ridiculous excuses I've ever heard, and something that I'd not heard for about 15 years, and even back then it blew my mind someone supposedly respected had the balls to claim this...

Step back to 15 or so years ago, and the first example of this was about the Skyline GT-R RB26DETT engine, and most notably the ceramic turbine wheels the turbos have, which are known to snap off the shaft or shatter to many pieces.

While the above is an unfortunate and common fact, one of the big name tuners of the time used to convince their followers they needed an engine reubild as soon as this happened, as bits of the turbine wheel will have been 'sucked' in to the engine.

Some of you right now might be thinking "Well can it?", and some others are thinking "WTF?", so let's break it down in to a way even a tuning novice can understand...

• The flow of air, or indeed exhaust gas, at the turbine wheel, is going AWAY from the engine. And at full boost it will be a huge amount of airflow, and travelling at 100s of miles per hour. Next stop of the flow path is the exhaust pipe (in fact it's common to find the snapped off turbine wheels stuck in exhausts).
• The turbine wheel is spinning, likely at well over 100,000rpm at the point of fail, in the OPPOSITE direction to the only possible path to the engine (ie up the exhaust manifold, in to the ports, past the valves, and in to the engine).
• The pressure differential (which is a big part of what spins turbos) between the turbine inlet and turbine outlet is huge at time of fail. At least 20psi more on the engine side pushing outwards, pushing everything outwards, exhaust gas, turbine wheels, whatever. Bear in mind 2psi can knock down houses, 4psi can kill people, and 10psi can rip limbs clean off, it's safe to say that will be pushing broken bits of turbine wheel out the exhaust at a rate of knots, and could never allow it to travel through it towards the engine.
• At very least, the fragment(s) would need to do a full 360deg loop the loop through the turbine housing snail, through at least 1x 90deg bend in the manifold, and make it past a small exhaust valve opening and closing 50 times per second, all while somehow magically fighting against huge air speed and pressure travelling in exactly the opposite direction.
  
  Basically, that claim is BOLLOCKS. But countless people fell for it and had expensive rebuilds due to it, despite no documented proof, and all common sense saying it's totally fucking impossible.

So yeah, more utter shit.

The WORST thing about all this kind of crap is though, is that this isn't words of random idiots, the 2nd example wasn't even from a tuner making an excuse either- This is coming from RESPECTED names in the modified car world, 'FAMOUS' names some might say, and because they're "Somebody", people blindly believe them, despite it being insanely far fetched.

My question of it all is, do they BELEIVE what they're saying, or are they LYING? Either way it is REALLY fucking bad considering they're influential, aspirational, whatever the fuck you want to call them, names, in this stupid hobby we all have.

And this is exaclty why I'm hugely skeptical of what even 'Big' names say, partly by being untrustworthy, partly by not knowing as much as you think (or they'd like you to think) they'd know.

It's terrible really, being a skeptic or having trust issues isn't a good thing, and it'd be amazing if this tuning world was just people being honest and helping, but instead the kind of people and the kind of advice in the tuning scene is a big reason why so much of it is fucking awful and so slow progressing.
You have 2 choices, you can either listen to these people and be one of the crowd getting ripped off or having mediocre stuff, or you can take everything you hear with a pinch (ok, a fucking huge road gritter full) of salt, and fact check stuff from even supposed big and trustworthy names, which should, while it's a lot of work, get you a seriously good car.

While it's popularity and media coverage is increasing in recent years (Yet it was on prime time TV on in the 70s and 80s- A long way to go before it's back at this level!), Rallycross is, in my eyes anyhow, the most under-rated motorsport there is.
And more than under-rated, it's genuinely fun to watch, and by far the most relevant to UK tuning fans of any motorsport.

Formula One is world famous and has the biggest budget of any motorsport, but is it exciting to watch? Not really. And it's all so secret that any possible relevance to the tuning we all do we either won't know about for decades, or never will.

WRC cars in 2017 will be the most powerful than they've been since the GroupB days, but it's still not a great spectator sport, despite being hugely famous and featuring wild cars.
​
BTCC is hugely popular in the UK, and as circuit racing goes, it's pretty badass, but in my eyes it's not even a patch on Rallycross, and strict rules make things quite samey too.

I've seen people talk about Rallycross like it's fucking Grasstrack oval racing, in fact I've seen the same people go "If you want to see a real mans sport, check out BTCC". FUCK knows what they've been watching, but it sounds like they've never seen Rallycross in their lives.

If you haven't watched any before, go check some out on YouTube or something. 600bhp 700lbft 2ltr flame throwing anti-lagged 4wd turbo cars door to door, sideways everywhere, on a twisty track which is a mix of tarmac and gravel. As the races only last 5 laps (It was usually 2.5 laps in the 80s/90s), so unlike most racing, it doesn't have boring parts where they're trying to save the car, or tyres, or engine- It's flat out from the start to the end.

Anyhow, as I love tuning (and presumably if you like Stav-Tech you love tuning too), the main reason I love Rallycross is the insane acceleration of these things, and that's because the engines are fucking MENTAL...

In recent years engines in the top class are restricted to 2ltr (turbo, of course!) and with a 45mm inlet restrictor, which keeps power back to around 600bhp and 700lbft of torque, though previously there was no restrictor as such, but instead different minimum weight classes depending on engine capacity.

Things did vary country to country, year to year, but for example, in the late 80s early 90s in the UK, the 4ltr class, which mostly consisted of 2.3ltr turbo engine cars (turbo or supercharged meant a multiplication factor of 1.7, and 2.3x1.7 is a touch under 4ltr), had a 1100kg minimum weight limit.
Cars in this class were things like Will Gollop's Metro 6R4 which was the V6 de-stroked to 2.3ltr then twin turbos added, giving it 750-800bhp, and other similar crazyness, such as the 4wd Turbo E30 BMW M3 of Arild Martinsten which also had 750bhp+

Due to the various weight vs capacity classes, it was common to see 1.4ltr to 3ltr+ cars all in the same race, and due to the lighter weights and the fact almost everyone had BIG turbos fitted, everything was, just like it is now, fucking mental fast.

You'd imagine maybe that everyone would be aiming for the 2.3ltr turbo engine for the maximum power, but this wasn't actually the case, as these were days before seriously effective ALS systems, so power was always a trade-off with lag, and also, when it boils down to it, on a slippery gravel surface with few straights there's not much grip or opportunity to use big power.
It was often said that around 550bhp was the maximum usable power, and many ex-GrpB cars either stayed at, or were even de-stroked to around 1.8ltr, which was enough for their 550bhp power goal, but allowed them to be much lighter than the 2.3ltr turbo cars.

Having said this, there were some cars with MUCH more power, 750bhp+, but if you watch old Rallycross videos on YouTube it was spectacular but unless they were in the lead it was very little use on the twisting tracks, and usually have about a 2second oppertunity of full power per lap!

​Here's a few older rallycross engines. I say a few, as despite the wonders of the internet, it's not a time machine, so despite some pics being uploaded from the 80s and early 90s, there are literally NO pics around of some of the greatest, wildest, and most interesting rallycross engines ever made.
Gollops twin turbo 6R4 lump? Nope. Martinsetens F1 Turbo M3 lump? Nope. All the countless Group B 205 T16s, Delta S4s, Audis, etc made better than ever that ran in Rallycross? Nope. Unfortunately there's very few pics out there on internet land, which really annoys me, but here's a few...

In the 80s Renault Gordini turbo engines (Which are, in essence, the Renault 5 GT Turbo engines, but with a better, crossflow, cylinder head), from 1.4 to 1.6ltr were popular and used in both Renault and Volvo rallycross cars, often pushing well over 350bhp, and as they were fitted to cars that weighed well under 900kg, it's fair to say they went like hell.

Another mega successful and popular engine in the 80s and even 90s were turbo'd versions of Ford BDA lumps, often built by Zakspeed, from 1700cc upwards, and pushing out well in excess of 500bhp.

Beetles were popular in 80s rallycross too, with all kinds of specs, including 4wd turbo versions, like this one that's still around to this day...

Most interesting about this one is the engine, which is still a VW block, but as Rallycross rules allow any heads to be fitted, it's got Subaru heads...

One thing I'd like to know, and I've yet to see pics or info confirming it, is turbo position on this Beetle. Going by what I can see, I'd say it's mounted inside the car, where the rear seats would normally be, which is pretty cool. In fact I 'think' you can just about see it through the hole in the bulkhead on this pic...

Rallycross gave a new lease of life for the Group B cars after they were banned from rallying too, showing what they could have been like with more development, making them wilder than they ever were in rallying. Check out this Citroen BX4TC. They were rubbish in GrpB due to lack of development, a total disaster, but in rallycross it got it's chance to be as mad as it should've been, and they were fucking weapons...

If you're wondering how batshit crazy fast these cars were, even in the mid 80s, check out this article from 1984. No it's not in English, but enough of it is written in words we understand to get the rough idea of the 1984 spec of Rallycross legend Matti Alamaki's Porsche rallycross car...

So this is 1984, and this Porsche 930 has 4 wheel drive, a twin turbo 3.2ltr flat six pushing out 750bhp and 6200rpm, and weighs, well, 1130kg I think? Check out the old-skool timing gear wheel on the back in the main pic too! Now page two...

0-62mph in 3.1sec (so 3sec dead to 60mph), 0-100mph (160kmh) in 5.7sec, and 10.5sec quarter mile time. And this is 1984, 32 bloody years ago!

EDIT!!! You might think the above acceleration sounds mad, and it is, but according to one of our helpful Finnish readers (who can read the above words, unlike me lol), those times were not only done in the WET, but the cars stop speed is 206kmh and hit it by just 260m, so did the last 140m just bouncing off the rev limiter in top, no more acceleration!
So if it had the gearing for it, and a dry surface, that car is easily in the 2s to 60mph, 4s to 100mph, and running 9second quarter miles.
In 1984, and not remotely a straight line drag car. Crazy shit right there.

Rallycross is also where you see the engines that, while we all NOW know are massively tunable, have often been tuned to 600bhp+ for decades already. But as most people don't notice race engines, and just look at tuner cars for inspiration, people never realise. Like Saab lumps...

Or the Opel/Vauxhall C20XE...

Peugeot/Citroen XU...

Rallycross is amazingly unknown by tuning fans in the UK, and to me I find that fucking bizarre, as frankly, the engines are THE most relatable to the shit they do of any motorsport; just usually way, way better.

I mean, look at all these engines so far, they are ALL stuff you'd recognise from typical big power tuned engines we love to see in road/drift/timeattack cars, but frankly, these are usually done far far better, and cleverer, by people who know what they're doing rather than just pretend to. 

Not many parts on Rallycross engines are bits you recognize as the big money off the shelf tuner parts everyone likes to fit to their road cars though, as funnily enough, despite the hype, those bits are rarely, if ever, the best designs.

That to me is a big reason why I love Rallycross- The engines are something I know, understand, relate to, agree with the design, and more to the point, they're my inspiration when tuning- Not some nobhead with a lockup who calls himself a tuner.

THESE are the engines you should look up to in my eyes, not some shiny shit you see on FB, but more on this later...

ANYHOW, moving on to the '00s to present day, Rallycross top classes around the world mostly changed to a 2ltr turbo class with an inlet restrictor (This was in 1997 if I remember right in Europe, and maybe 2003 in the UK?) to hold back power to vaguely sensible levels as things were getting ridiculous (and frankly, with today's tech, a 2.3 non-restricted turbo engine like the old days, would now have about 1200bhp, and costs would be fucking insane), though this 'vaguely sensible' level is still about 600bhp and 700lbft, which frankly is insane fast, like '0-60 in sub 2sec on tarmac' sort of fast.

This is the usual 45mm turbo inlet restrictor fitted...

Though at least once a twin turbo setup was attempted, which meant two smaller restrictors instead...

​One other big advantage the newer (and by that I mean in the last 15yr or so) engines have, despite less power than some of 80s ones, is fucking everything has something very noticeable fitted, usually a setup made Swedish company Tibuc...

What the above is, well, the 2 blue hoses coming from the box on top of the plenum to the box after the throttles, is the electronic adjustable air bypass valve, a fucking big air bypass too, for the anti-lag system. And ALS is, if you speak to most Rallycross drivers these days, is THE most important part of the engine.

The engine performance difference ALS makes is an incredibly hard thing to imagine unless you've experienced a really seriously good working system yourself, but the difference between it being on and off is like two different engines, and the difference between being competitive and not in Rallycross.

Realistically, the 2ltr turbo engines of current cars, without ALS activated, are going to have a powerband of 4000rpm+ and not the most responsive things when on and off throttle either, as the turbos fitted are BIG.

A small high rpm powerband and poor throttle response is NOT ideal for Rallycross, which is incredibly close and tight, on and off throttle constantly, and where a whole lot of the cars steering done with the gas pedal rather than the steering wheel.
Basically, if you switch the ALS off on a Rallycross car they will get left for dead by the other cars with it active; you just can't compete without it.

With ALS on (and Rallycross ALS is mental, like full boost all the time regardless of revs and throttle position style, proper fucking mental), the cars are totally different animals, like driving an 12ltr+ naturally aspirated engine that somehow also revs really high, rather than a typical 2ltr big turbo engine- Basically you get BIG torque and instant response constantly, regardless of revs.

Some more pics, all with Tibuc ALS setups, as almost everything had/has it...

As the above pics might hint, Cossie YB engines dominated Rallycross from the late 90s until recent years, as despite what the Jap fanboys etc like to think, if you wanted a 2ltr engine that could bash out 600bhp/700lbft and win you races, the YB was the one to have. How many SR20s have you seen in Rallycross? I can think of one tbf, in Finland, in a Mazda RX7..
But again, variety has always been key, I mean, here's a Mitsubishi 4G63...

And here's a VW lump...

Going bang up to date now to the present day, while the engines are the same principle, some of the ALS systems are even more advanced, more like mega power versions of current WRC engines, and now the airflow bypass isn't just past the throttles (though it usually is too, via fly-by-wire throttles now though more often than not), but it's direct in to the exhaust manifold via a valve and a series of pipes, which is more efficient.
This particular ALS system isn't actually new though, the earliest versions of this were used on the Audi Group B rally car in the mid 80s.
This ALS system is the valve at the front by the exhaust manifold on the below pics, and the small bore pipes from it is feeding air to each exhaust runner.

Anyhow, regardless of age, the fundamentals of turbo Rallycross engines hasn't changed in 30odd years, and they're still fucking awesome and even the oldest ones should be the inspiration to most of us tuning turbo cars in my eyes.

I'm not saying copy them exactly, as I dunno about you but I sure as shit can't afford to build a 700bhp/700lbft 4cyl turbo crazy thing, but what I mean is check them out, check out what they do and often DON'T do, as you can be sure as shit they do or don't do it as they know what's best.
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Not sure what I mean? Well...

For example, people often get all giddy and excited telling the world about their amazing boost pipe clamps that cost them about 50quid each, and those same people tell the world jubilee clips are shit and don't hold under high boost, etc etc, usually despite the person saying this having a car that don't even run a lot of boost.
WELL, let's look at some Rallycross engines shall we? Money is NOT an issue for them, they are mega spec, the best of the best. The engines often run 3bar+ peak boost. But what holds the vast majority of their hoses on, from the early 80s to the present day? Yep, that's right, normal Jubilee clips.
YES, shit twisty soft Chinese shit fake Jubilees are junk, but proper ones are strong as hell, can be done up mental tight, and hold a fuck sight better than most the wide Mikalor etc etc ones people like to shout about loudly on the internet. 

​What about massive fuckoff inlet plenums like so many people pay big bucks for on their tuned road cars with barely 200bhp per litre? Well, these Rallycross cars are 300bhp/litre+ and do they have massive plenums? Fuck no, as there's nothing good to gain from it at all, and plenty to lose in response. A better than standard plenum? Yes. But IMO 80%+ of aftermarket plenums are just some badly designed, often oversized, shiney shit that does no good barring lighten your wallet.

I've mentioned it in the past, but what about big cone filters in the engine bay? If you listen to internet car experts, they suck in hot air and kill ruin performance, seemingly oblivious to the fact ENOUGH air matters 100 times more than COLD air. Thankfully Rallycross people aren't keyboard tuners, and as the pics show, they put a massive air filter where ever it fits best.

Oh, here's a good one you can see in these pics that everyone in the tuned road car world ignores, fucking TURBO HANGERS.
On the internet you can't fail to read people constantly crying as their turbo manifold has cracked, or the bolts have worked loose, for the 20th time this month.
What gets me is peoples solutions, or advice, are all kinds of crap, such as fancy bolts and fasteners, different exhaust designs, even fucking welding the turbo straight to the manifold like they're auditioning for fucking Roadkill or something.
But despite all this, never do they have the sense to look at pretty much ANY proper race car and notice they fucking ALL run turbo hangers, taking the weight of that bloody turbo off the exhaust manifold, off the exhaust system, off the exhaust nuts, and bolts, and studs, and gaskets, and everything else that fucking breaks. And lo and behold this stops them breaking.
Dunno if I ever mentioned it before on here, but on my old Cossie (they have a form of turbo hanger fitted as standard, nothing fancy, but they have them) I ran 2 years no issue at all without anything blowing, leaking, cracking, anything, despite 30psi boost, anti-lag, and serious abuse. THEN my turbo hanger got a bit tired looking so I removed it to sort it out, presuming it'd be fine without it for a bit (this was like 2002, I knew no better), and within a WEEK it was blowing at a join due to loose bolts, and from then on it would loosen bolts or blow an exhaust gasket within a few days of doing them back up.
Refitted the hanger a week later and it never happened again.
That taught me a lesson for sure, but despite telling people for about 15 years since that their issues would be solved with a turbo hanger, does anyone listen? Do they fuck, you still never see 'em.

​And the above are just a few examples of the many many many things just checking out some proper race car engines, and ignoring typical shitty tuner cars, will teach you.

And ignoring teaching you anything, go watch some fucking Rallycross, it's mental! There's tons of 80s, 90s, and current Rallycross all over Youtube, and in fact, if you wanna see the craziness of modern ALS on Rallycross cars, find some vids of the Gymkhana Grid Championship finals in Greece from last weekend (ie end of October), there was various Rallycross cars in that, most notably Liam Doran's Citroen. The finals was at night, so it's flames galore, and by the end of a 1min run the entire exhaust, right to both tailpipes, was glowing red hot- Properly amazing looking.

So yeah, Rallycross is awesome, and Rallycross engines are surprisingly educational AND awesome. Check them out...

In the UK and Europe, the Ford Pinto was about the most popular Ford engine to tune in the 70s, 80s, and early 90s, and to this day powers loads of fast road and race cars.
The Pinto has spawned loads of legendary variations, most famously the YB Cosworth engine, but also things like the Millington Diamond engines you see powering most top Mk1/2 Escort rally cars these days, among other things.
The thing is, while the Pinto was cheap and common, let's be honest, it wasn't that great, and didn't exactly set the tuning world on fire. Granted, it can be made to push out decent performance, and the bigger bucks and much rarer YB/Millington/Warrior/etc headed versions can be pretty insane, but for your average Joe road car tuner, once the 80s and 90s came along with various other, better, engine options, it just didn't cut the mustard; especially as there was very little serious turbo development done by tuners or racers on the basic 8 valve production Pinto engines.

In the USA though, they didn't get 'our' Pinto, but oddly, and on a similar time scale to our engines (ie early 1970s on), they got a very similar looking, but it turns out totally and utterly un-interchangeable engine, fitted to a car that was called the Ford Pinto. But the engine wasn't called a Pinto, the engine was the Ford Lima.

It looks like a Pinto, with it's inline 4cyl 8 valve setup and iron block and head, but the Lima is, aside from de-stroked race engines late small bore versions, 2.3ltr, 0.3ltr more than the biggest production Pinto, which is a bonus for tuning from the outset. In fact it's even more of a bonus than it first seems, as thanks to the engine design, the capacity can be increased hugely with stroker kits, with high revving engines up to 2.9ltr (just under 400bhp N/A!) have been built from the Lima.

Standard capacity is one bonus, but another is, like it or not, the Lima block seems to be a lot stronger than the production Pinto block too. Normal Pinto blocks are generally considered a liability above 400bhp (though more has been done, with some risking pushing the 205 block YBs beyond 500...), and beyond that it's generally the stronger (but interchangeable) YB Cosworth (4wd and RS500) blocks that are needed for the Euro Pintos.
​The Lima block though? Well, 1000bhp+ has been known...

Another massive advantage is the Lima attracted a huge tuning and motorsport scene in the USA and South America, so unlike the Pinto, there's a large amount of tuning knowledge and parts out there enabling BIG power; especially with turbocharging them.

Perhaps the biggest single advantage though from a road car tuner point of view, is, from 1979 to 1989, it was sold as a factory turbocharged engine on a huge number of vehicles. This means it was not the lucky rich few who got to play with them, but your average Joe had no problem affording one, as they were cheap and relatively commonplace.

As always with road car tuning though, there's always the question of "Where IS the limit of this engine?" and without motorsport it's rarely found out. But just like the YB Cosworth engine we all know and love, the turbo Lima was used by the Ford Motorsport teams for their race engines too, which meant a whole shitload of expensive R+D the road tuners could never do was done for them by Ford, advancing the tuning scene massively...

In the early-mid 80s XR4TIs in the USA kicked quite a bit of ass in IMSA GTU racing using 2ltr 400bhp versions of these engine, still using the factory iron heads etc etc, but then for the TransAm race series where more many more mods were allowed, the Lima engine went fucking mental...

Bashing out 800bhp (allegedly 1000bhp+ wasn't an issue in dyno testing, but of course it needs to last full race distance) from the little 2valve per cyl turbo engine, while still lasting full race distance, these things were mental.

Check out the small water lines from the head next to each exhaust port- Cool little mod to prevent steam/heat pockets in the head, which is one of the many reasons big power turbo engines shit out head gaskets and so on...

​Even Ford themselves considered making the engine even better, funnily enough about the same time Ford Europe turned the Pinto in to the YB Cosworth, by creating a twin cam 16V Turbo version. While prototypes were fitted to a few testbed cars, inc a Mk1 Sierra chassis (the B+W pic below), it never saw full production, which is a shame, as potentially it was a Cossie beater when tuned, considering how good the 8V head version is...

Anyhow, after Ford themselves stopped racing it, the tuning scene and indeed the racing scene using these engines went from strength to strength, especially with US Ford 4cyl tuning gods Esslinger Engineering producing countless parts for them, from stroker kits to lightweight, high flow, and strong as hell, alloy heads and blocks.

It's not like these 8 valve engines are only good with a ton of boost shoved down them either, as they're hugely popular in naturally aspirated form in midget racing (crazy single seat dirt track go-kart things, not small people with large heads), and often push out 375bhp from 2.6ltr versions revving to around 10,000rpm!
In fact Esslinger are so confident in these things, they sell a sealed crate race motor, 2.6ltr, 340bhp, and 9400rpm, that is capable of over 30 races before needing a rebuild- Try that with a Pinto!

So yeah, in my eyes at least, as much as the YB Cosworth is one of my, if not my favourite engine ever, it's a real shame Ford USA and Ford Europe didn't work together on engines, as if the Lima existed over here in place of our Pintos (woo, alternate future theories...), our tuning scene, especially the Ford tuning scene, probably would've been even more full of big power cars, and even earlier than it was...

A good few years ago I built a RB20 (2ltr 24V inline 6 with a stroke shorter than most 1ltr 4cyls) powered R32 Skyline with a Comp-R RS341 turbo from Compressor Racing, which was basically a slightly modified Holset HY35- A 600bhp turbo, but a fucking good one.
I built the R32 purely as everyone liked to say RB20s are shit, don't make power, etc etc, plus the fact everyone thinks a 600bhp turbo won't spool well at all on a 2ltr; especially not on a super short stroke engine like a RB20.
I did it to prove a point really, and I did, making a dyno proven 470bhp on a standard head and cams, making some boost below 3k, full boost by 4k, and making big power to 8k+. The mapper said with mild cams and more boost, 550bhp was highly likely even on pump fuel. The thing was a fucking weapon and reliable too, in fact it's still running the same engine and turbo to this day, about 4 years later. There's a couple of pics below, and a fair few vids on my YouTube channel...

Anyhow, a big kickstart to the R32 project was the fact that Chris who owns Compressor Racing offered me the RS341 as a test/development turbo, for next to nothing (in turbo terms anyhow, a couple hundred quid), to prove what the turbo could do, and it's fair to say I jumped at the chance and proved it nicely.

Fast forward to now, and one of my current projects is a Renault 5 GT Turbo Raider.
I fucking love them, they were my 1st n 2nd cars when I passed my driving test, and despite all the mental cars I've owned, they're still one of my fave cars as they're mad fun.
For the last year or so I've been helping a mate spec/build his one, and the result is fucking awesome. 230bhp, revving to 7.5k, totally reliable on standard internals, and as it weighs nothing it's plenty faster than stuff like E46 M3s etc etc.
But the main thing I like about them is the driving experience- Being a tiny light thing it feels 10 times faster and more fun than similar performance in a 'normal' car, and that's why I do cars- TO BE FUN TO DRIVE.

Anyhow, despite shit tuners and retarded owners over the years giving them a bad rep for being unreliable, in reality the GTT C1J engines are strong as fuck when done right. Honestly. I promise! So the other week, despite having a totally different plan until then, I decided it's time to fit a man size turbo to one.
I happened to have a pretty big spec GTT engine sitting in the shed waiting to be used, and like history repeating itself, Compressor Racing just brought out another new turbo, a Holset HX32 based turbo, which ticked the box as ideal for the big turbo I wanted (it's about Garrett GT30 size- 500bhp max).
This time it was me making him an offer, and we agreed, considering all the good exposure my RS341 exploits got him, that I'd buy a turbo off him for a good price in exchange for a no-bullshit writeup on what I'm doing, plus some fitting/tuning info on Holset stuff in general (I get asked on an almost daily basis stuff on Holsets on tuned cars, I seem to have ended up with some kind of 'Holset guru' rep), so here it is...

​The turbo in question is THIS thing, their version of one of the 'Holy Grail' (ie fucking impossible to get) Holsets, a HX32. A HX32 is, basically, a HX35 sized compressor mated to a HX30 turbine wheel, which makes for a 400-500bhp capable turbo that spools like fuck, and is very highly rated by all of the lucky few that have got to use them.
They come in a variety of specs, but what got me deciding I was gonna use one on my GTT is the fact this one has a 7cm (about A/R 0.50) T2 (T25, T28, whatever) turbine housing, which, in my experienced guestimation, I think won't spool up much/any worse than the 0.63 A/R GT28R on my friends GTT, but a whole shitload more power potential.

Yesterday, the first thing I did once I had it, was do a mock up on my original/standard engine to see what needed doing, and once it's all laid out I'll take this engine out, put the fancy one in, and make some serious boost...

 So far so good, fits very nicely, looks fucking mega, and even my elbow/downpipe (from a Cummins engine, and I found it in my shed at home) fits perfectly, despite being 3.5in ID at the far end! Not sure where I'll route the wastegate pipe, but that's no issue.
I'm gonna make a 3in (probably) custom side exit for the thing, but it's a shame it's not a drag car (and we live in a country that rains a lot), or I'd fit this straight out the bonnet, as it fits perfectly, and is fucking mega- An Inconel exhaust from a Cosworth engine Indy Car!

Anyhow, back to the turbo setup- Here it is off the car. Basically I'm gonna be using the standard exhaust manifold (which is very good, 320bhp+ proven), a spacer/adapter to run a Turbosmart external wastegate, then the HX32 turbo, then finally a 2.5-3.5in cast elbow/downpipe which is a straight fit and makes my life easier as I don't have to fab one up from scratch now...

The original plan (until I found the downpipe in the shed!) was to make my own downpipe, as a normal 2.5in V-band setup like you can find on eBay fits just fine. Barely 1mm out all round, but the wonders of v-bands means that's no stopping a seal- I've been about 5mm all round before and no issue sealing. Here's some pics with the 2.5in v-band clamp...

Another thing that I needed to do, and something most people need to do when fitting turbos, but SO many people don't seem to realise they can, is to clock (ie rotate) the housings to suit the application. Almost all turbos you can rotate the housings 360deg to suit the application, and that's exactly what I had to do for the GTT, so to bits it came, a simple v-band type clamp for the turbine, and the typical Holset circlip for the compressor.

Here's the first "Stav's Holset Tech Tip" for you actually- Compressor housing circlips! They are pretty fucking beefy as circlips go, so can be a struggle to remove, and some people find IMPOSSIBLE to refit, with the grips slipping off over and over again, but I've done SO many over the years I can usually do them first time, and here's how...

First up, Molegrips are the tool to use, bigger the better, and ideally with a curved 'mouth' part, lessening the odds of them slipping off. Removal with them is usually pretty easy- Do up the molegrips to as tight as you can possibly fit them, then use the strength of He-Man to squeeze 'em shut, and that's usually enough to remove the circlip. 
Refitting it is a bit of a bastard though, but here's how...

Yep, TWO sets of molegrips! Again, get the grips around the circlip as tight as you possibly can, but unless you're Superman there's no way that's enough that when you close them the circlip is compressed enough- Not even close.
Instead, attach a 2nd molegrip tightly to the adjuster, and use that to (carefully!) wind the circlips closed with that (you've got no hope by hand unless you've a massive adjuster knob on yours), and THEN when you close them up, the circlip is fully compressed, and hey presto, job done.

Oh, here's a mini-tip for you too- Keep the bloody plastic dust covers that come on the turbo, don't just bin them- They're fucking mega handy to stop shit getting in your turbo when you're mocking stuff up etc...

The next issue is this turbo is INTERNAL WASTEGATE, and I wanted to run an EXTERNAL WASTEGATE. That's a big problem, right? Well, people seem to think it is, see loads of people go "I want to run that turbo, but I can't as it's internal gate) but it's not, at all, it's sorted in 5min by welding the fucker shut.
Just like pretty much every Holset I've ever seen, the internal wastegate isn't that big, even Compressor Racing state they'd highly recommend external gate if using on a spark ignition engine, and considering the amount of people running Garrett GT2871s and GT30s with internal gates and serious boost creep issues, I wasn't taking the risk of trying it, and an external gate is a better design from a performance point of view anyhow.
So, how do you do it? Well I've seen some people run a solid bar instead of the actuator, locking the wastegate arm shut, but I don't really see the point of that, so I do what 99% of people seem to do- Turn the MIG welder up to full blast, and BZZZZZZZZZZT.

Yep, just make sure the wastegate flap is fully CLOSED (yep, seen some weld it without it being fully shut, then wonder why their turbo's laggy!), and weld the fucker in place.
You could cut/grind the arm down too to make it look prettier, but I've left it for now as might use it as part of a turbo hanger to support the weight of the turbo when fitted.

FINALLY, and another question I'm always asked about HX35s, HY35s, HX32s, HX40s, and everything else (think even HX55s are the same? I forget now), the bloody compressor outlet flange!
Rather than a normal slip-on, it's a fancy v-band on most Holsets, so your options are, find what the fuck fits to it, or the most common solutions of grinding it down a little and using a normal hose on it, or TIG welding your own chosen fitting to it instead.
Both of those solutions are easy enough, but you could make something fit, or indeed fit the proper thing. While the ID of the flange is 2in, it's bigger than a typical 2in v-band, and you need a 2.25in v-band and clamp to fit to it, but they do, nicely.
BUT the ideal thing to do is just buy the right thing like they had from the factory, and that's this...

That's the normal Cummins compressor outlet pipe, same thing fits 99% of Holsets with that v-band outlet. And is a 90deg bend ending in a 3in slip-on hose fitting. Ideal. Part number is as you see on it- 3918685. I think it's about £70 from Cummins mind, so prob cheaper just to mod it as above...!

Oh yeah, here's another thing I'm always asked- Holset oil feed and returns.
Feed is 12x1.5 thread, don't need a restrictor unless you got mental high oil pressure, but use a -3 line rather than bigger.
Return is IMPORTANT! Almost anyone who cries about their Holset smoking has usually fitted some pissy small return. It needs to be like 19mm ID bare MINIMUM, ie huge. Even most so called 'huge -12 fittings' on eBay have ID of about 12mm, so nowhere near enough. Fuck the fancy fittings, a plain, but large bore pipe is all you need.
​

I love Ford Cosworths, I really do, and a BIG part of the reason they're so good is they were designed from the outset to be Group A homologation specials. Group A rules at the time (ie mid 80s) dictated the standard block, head casting, crank, rods, exhaust manifold, inlet manifold, intercooler, and general turbo size, all have to be standard. And because of that, if you want to be successful in Group A, the parts fitted to the standard production car needed to be capable of pushing some serious power for full race and rally distances without issue, so Cosworth designed the engine for Ford to be VERY strong and tunable.
​
ANYHOW, while I don't think it's ever been officially documented/admitted, being in this industry for so long means I've got to speak to quite a few people 'off the record', and there's one odd thing about the 2wd/RS500 Cosworth engine, that would've been a lot better if Ford would've let Cosworth have their own way, and here's the story...

Basically, Cosworth designed probably the best standard turbo manifold any production car has ever had- A strong, long runner, and fully twin scroll (2+3, 1+4) T3 flange exhaust manifold, proven capable of 600bhp+
But, bizarrely, the turbos fitted to it, the Garrett T3 on the Sierras and 2wd Saffs, and the Garrett T3/4 the RS500 had, are all single scroll, making the fact it's twin scroll, and the huge turbo spooling advantage that brings, totally and utterly pointless.

I'd always wondered why this was the case, it's bizarre. Twin scroll was pretty much unheard of on production cars back then, and would never deliberately had a single scroll turbo fitted, as the entire operation would be a huge waste of time and money.
While it's no issue with the little T3, the RS500 turbo, while good for 550bhp+, isn't exactly a responsive turbo, with good power starting from around 4500rpm upwards, and a twin scroll setup would've been a HUGE advantage- Even a much larger and more powerful turbo would've spooled up faster in twin scroll, making the RS500 even more dominant in motorsport than it was.

So why was a laggy single scroll turbo fitted then, despite a beautifully designed twin scroll manifold being on the engine? Well, company politics, that's why...

Basically, Cosworth had a VERY successful partnership with UK turbo legends Holset, who produced the turbochargers for the other turbocharged race engines Cosworth ran at the time- The 2.6ltr Indy Car lumps used by most the top Indy cars of the 1980s and 1990s- Including the 1987 Indy 500 winning car actually sponsored by Cummins and Holset (Cummins own Holset)...

The story goes that Cosworth fully intended, indeed full developed, as per their other race engines, to use top-spec Holset turbos. Unfortunately, Ford Europe had an agreement with Garrett to use their turbos on all the production cars, so overruled Cosworth and chucked on something 'suitable' from Garrett- The powerful, but unresponsive, single scroll 'RS500 T4'. This, below, is what it could/should have been...

The RS500 Garrett T4 is legendarily "Laggy", in fact you won't see a single article or film that doesn't mention it; even the racers all talk about anticipating the lag and planting their foot down early so the engine over-comes the lag just at the right moment, but thanks to people tuning Cosworth engines in the many years since, it's now well proven going from the twin scroll Holset plan to a single scroll Garrett was a MASSIVE MISTAKE...

Russia- They don't fuck about when it comes to tuned cars; in fact they're flippin' incredible! First up, if you've not seen part ONE and TWO, they're HERE and HERE, and now, the third and final part of this feature.

First up, the MR-S (MR2, whatever) in the opening picture pulling a wheelie. BIG power turbo engine, right? Wrong! It's got the naturally aspirated 2ZZ engine in it, just like they have when standard! This car however is heavily lightened, and the 2ZZ is massively tuned, and the thing runs 10.1seconds in the quarter mile! Here's the engine...

Next up, another small Toyota engine, albeit much older- THE most powerful 4AGE I've ever seen! These engines are best known from the AE86, and push out 125bhp as standard from their revvy 1.6ltr engine, and in full-on crazy Formula Atlantic race spec, they make nearly double that, and still 1.6ltr and non turbo.
But this one, fitted to a 1990s Toyota Levin, is pushing out a claimed 1000bhp!

How true the 1000bhp claim is, I've no idea, but the thing runs 10.5sec quarter miles, so it's sure as shit got a LOT of power!

Next up, some REALLY fast LADAS! It is Russia afterall! Most interestingly, these run Lada engines too, the small 4cyl 16valve Lada engines, and are REALLY fast, so they're clearly damn good engines.

​First up, a front wheel drive, 1.5ltr 16V Lada, that runs 9s!

I think it's a pretty badass looking car, but the engine is a beast, with a little 1.5ltr fitted with a big Holset HX52 turbo! HX52s are well proven to spool amazingly for their size, often fitted even to 2ltr engines, but a 1.5 is deffo the smallest I've ever seen one fitted to!

Cool engine setup too, proper twin scroll turbo setup with twin wastegates, 8 injectors with 2x fuel rails, nitrous just after the compressor outlet, and a chargecooler built in to the inlet manifold by the looks of it. The end result? 9.8sec quarter mile.

Next up, a RWD Lada, but again, a turbocharged version of the Lada 1.5 16V lump...

Would never imagine that would run low 10s unless you saw under the bonnet, but it does, and you deffo wouldn't imagine the next one is just as fast...

This one I have a little more info on the engine spec, and it's amazing how standard it is!
It's a 1.5 16V, turbo converted of course, but running standard rods still, and the pistons, while not standard, are just ones from a Lada Niva! Regardless of this, it runs 10.5s!

The final Lada is again, the 1.5ltr 16V lump, but front drive again, but non-turbo! And despite this still runs 10s! Making big power with a turbo just proves the engine is strong, but this N/A performance shows they're pretty damn good for tuning too...

I like how the engine is tilted forward to maximise weight on the front end, and therefore maximise traction...

Last, but certainly not least, a car that not only doesn't look at all like a drag car, in fact it's a fully road legal car with a full interior, but it doesn't even look like the sort of thing the Russians usually tune- An E30 BMW touring!

The front mount intercooler is the only thing that hints that it could be fast, but this is REALLY fast for a full interior road car- It runs 10.5sec quarter miles! But how? Well...

Not only is it packing a 700bhp turbocharged M50B25 engine, but it's a 325iX, ie the 4wd model! A 700bhp 4wd E30, now THAT sounds a whole lot of fun!
​

First up, if you've not seen Part One of this feature on some of the maddest tuned cars you're likely to clap your eyes on this year, you better click HERE to check it out...

Now that's sorted, no need for an intro, lets get right on with showing you the rest of these flippin' bonkers cars. 

First up, a car you may have seen a video of on the Stav-Tech Facebook page, a 9second, front wheel drive, turbo, rotary engine, LADA. Yes, a flippin' Lada. This is Russia afterall...

This is what we'd call a Lada 110, though in Russia it's a VAZ 2110, a front drive car produced from the mid 90s until late 00s in Russia, and actually has some performance history, having the aerodynamics jointly designed by Porsche, and competed in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) in 2008 and 2009.

Anyhow, while 99% of the world don't realise it, Mazda aren't the only rotary engine makers of modern times, VAZ do. In fact these days VAZ do it a whole lot more than Mazda, for a wide variety of vehicles too, albeit in VERY limited numbers; and the above VAZ/Lada is one of them.
The VAZ rotaries aren't the same as a Mazda 13B, but they are the same capacity, but work very well, and have been adapted for lots more applications, inc front wheel drive...

There you have it, a 1308cc twin rotor engine, transversely mounted and front drive, running 2x Tial wastegates, a Garrett GTX42 with a Tial v-band manifold, and dry sump by the looks of it. Mental. 

While the 9.9sec quarters were done on the old engine it seems, and now it's got a new engine, though no new times yet...

A bloody Lada THREE ROTOR! It's running a Garrett GTX55 too, so likely to be, well, lots! 1500odd, as they're good for over 1600bhp. 
Going by the pic, the engine is dry sump and almost deffo running on methanol as no intercooler, but most interestingly, look at the different design compared to a Mazda rotary- Peripheral exhaust ports on top, one per cylinder, but the inlet ports are below, and seems to be 6 of them, so they're either conventional side ports, or twin peripheral ones? Who knows. I also wonder if this engine is mounted upside down? It's dry sump so it's possible on a rotary.

Anyhow, let's look at something else. Or is it? Might be the same car in an earlier form...?

10.4sec, front drive, 3 rotor Lada, but NON-TURBO this time!

Right, on to something slightly more normal...

An Impreza, that runs low 8s, and has a GT42 turbo hanging out the front of the car!

How about everyone's fave FWD drag car, a Honda Civic...

Nothing to unconventional, but it's VERY fast, 9.7 1/4, which considering the barely prepped surfaces of Russian drag strips, that's properly moving.
And how does it go that quick? Well...

A Honda B18 lump and most importantly. a big fuckoff Holset HX55! For massive turbos they really do spool well, and obv' no issue on this one, despite that being a 25cm housing by the looks of it, ie one of the bigger ones. A true 1000bhp capable turbo.

You know what's even faster though? A fucking massive Jeep Cherokee! 

Fuck knows why it's even a 'thing', but there's a good few mental Jeeps in Russia running 9sec quarters! This particular one runs 9.5 and is powered by a 7ltr turbo V8.

You know what's even faster than both of these things? Another fucking Lada!

Probably the most badass looking Lada you'll ever likely see, this runs 9.1sec quarters despite being FWD, and has a rather unusual engine and box combo...

You might recognise the engine as it's the good old Vauxhall C20XE lump, running a massive GT4202 turbo, and nitrous as well.
Most interesting, the gearbox is a modified Mitsubishi Evo4 box, running FWD only.

You know what's even faster than a C20XE Lada? A Mitsubishi Lancer Evo3, but oddly, it has an engine swap!

Looks like a normal Evo3, and indeed the standard 4G63 engine can produce some ridiculous power, well over 1000bhp, but this car is doing something a little different to get it's 8.9sec quarter miles...

It's the 3ltr V6 normally found in Mitsubishi GTOs and 3000GTs, but running a BIG single turbo and nitrous too. Nice.

Last but DEFFO not least, what's faster than an 8sec Evo3? Well an 8sec Audi S2!

Looks pretty normal from the back, though clearly means business, but the front view is a little less subtle...

Looks like the body is all carbon, and runs 8.8sec quarter miles thanks to, well, check it out...

That's the legendary 5cyl 20V Audi Lump, packing a flippin huge turbo, at least GT55 size by looks of it, maybe GT60 in fact, and likely running the amazingly strong Audi 4wd system too, maybe even a stock S4 box as so many crazy power ones do. Here's another angle of the engine...

The internet is a wonderful thing, it's made this world WAY smaller, and has shown us things, just by searching for them with Google, that we'd either never see otherwise, or at best only see if we were lucky enough to find that a magazine had hunted these things down.

It's not PERFECT though, as while it's not hard to search for stuff from English speaking countries, it's fucking tricky if the country doesn't speak English, and it's nigh on impossible if the alphabet they use isn't even close to what our is- You can't easily Google words that use letters your keyboard don't even have!

Granted, Japan is well covered despite the language and alphabet barrier, partly as they use a lot of English words in their tuning, and partly as the Japanese car scene is world famous, but even from Japan there's a whole lot we don't see unless someone who can speak the language tracks it down and share it.

But other places, less famous places? Well, there's very little to be found, if anything.

I mean, Russia, do you know much about the tuning scene in Russia? I've seen a few things, but nothing much; mostly drift cars. Due to the lack of press it gets you'd think the scene is pretty small and the cars are mostly quite tame, but no, fuck no, their drag cars for example, front, rear, and 4wd, are fucking MENTAL, and that's what this feature is all about.

I can't speak Russian, or read Russian, or anything close, so I don't know all the info, but prepare to mutter "What the fuuuuck" to yourself a great many times, as we take a look at some Russian drag cars...

Well, it's a Mitsubishi Eclipse, the car made famous by Fast And The Furious, and a pretty badass looking one too, and the air filter sticking out the headlamp kinda indicates it means business, but what's under the bonnet? 
Well, some of these have Evo 4G63 turbo engines and 4wd as standard, so you'd imagine this has a big power one of these, right? Well... "What. The. FUCK" moment coming up...

It's a muthafuckin' 2JZ! Fitted transversely and powering the front wheels! I dunno about you, but I've never seen a transversely mounted 2JZ in my life. It fits amazingly well, and shit, it's a properly mental spec one too...

Badass long runner tubular manifold, huge custom inlet, big coils, huge turbo, dry sump by the looks of it too, and so far it's ran a 9.1sec quarter, and, well, it's got 1127bhp!

Next up, an MR2 Turbo. No engine swap this time, the original 3S-GTE heavily tuned this time, but it runs 9.7sec quarters and pulls some fucking massive wheelies...

They love Japanese cars in Russia, but Russia is the home of Lada, so there's a lot of them too, but nothing like what we're used to here...

This Lada runs 9.1sec quarters thanks to a big power 1.5JZ engine under the bonnet!

It's not the only JZ Lada either, this one runs 9.3s...

Maybe it's a stereotype, but it's easy to imagine Russian tuned cars as awful looking DIY jobs, and indeed some are, but even these are bloody fast. This old Prelude looks ridiculous, serious DIY fibreglass bodywork going on, but it's powered by a naturally aspirated Honda B-series engine and STILL runs 11.1sec quarters!

While we're on the awful looking DIY lightweight bodywork theme, check this out. A FWD Lada, still running a Lada engine, albeit turbocharged, but runs 10.7s!

Anyone who's been in to the Japanese car scene for a long time will remember in the early 2000s the Skyline GT-R drag racing scene was HUGE in Japan, with tons of dedicated and ridiculously fast R32 and R33 GT-Rs, but most seem to have disappeared, not seen for many, many years.
Ever wondered where they all are? Well from what I've seen, they're all in Russia! There's countless 8sec Skyline GT-Rs in Russia, not to mention absolutely tons of them in the 9s- Soo many I'm not going to show them in this feature. But they've got them in the 7s too...

This R32 is the fastest of them all, running 7.4sec quarters via a Powerglide gearbox, but while the others are RB powered, this one isn't...

Yep, that's a Nissan GT-R VR38DETT lump, but running two BIG turbos, and well over 2000bhp if my shonky Russian translation is accurate.

The second fastest R32 GT-R is only 0.1 of a second slower mind, and IS RB powered...

7.5sec quarter mile from a flippin' badass looking R32 GT-R with a mega RB30 lump...

Another red RB30 engine'd one is only slightly slower, at a still crazy 8.1sec, and while it just looks like a red R32, it's got 1200bhp, the exhaust manifold is pretty funky and puts the turbo by the headlamp, and it's got early RB20 cam covers, which always look good...

Last of the Skylines I'm going to mention is this R33 GT-R, again running a ridiculous 8.2second quarter mile, with a similar exhaust manifold to the one above...

Skylines aren't the only 4wd straight six turbo Japanese cars running low 8s in Russia. This 1500bhp 2JZ Soarer runs 8.2s. "Hang on 4wd Soarer?!" Yep, fucking 4wd!

They seem to have a thing in Russia about converted normally RWD Toyotas to 4WD with GREAT effect, as well, here's a Supra road car that runs mid 9s and is also 4WD...

Perhaps the most unexpected 4wd Toyota is this one, a big 4 door JZX90 that runs 8.3s...

It actually runs a modified Toyota A340E gearbox, and a BIG power 2JZ with nitrous too.

I knew JZXs were popular in Russia, but the amount of them, even normal road cars, that run 10sec quarters is mental, but I'm gonna show you this one as not only as it runs high 9s thanks to the obligatory big turbo JZ lump, but also looks cool as fuck...

In the UK we're used to JZXs being drift cars, and are usually 550bhp tops, but in Russia they laugh at a mere 550bhp. The JZX100 below (RWD and 2JZ powered) runs 8.6sec quarters! That will be WELL over 1000bhp then...

Who originally said this shit anyhow? I've seen it attributed to Carrol Shelby, Enzo Ferrari, and Carrol Smith, but did any of them really say it? And if they did, it must have been taken massively out of contact, as frankly, it's a load of rubbish.
Fuck it, as there seems to be no proof who said it, I'm starting a new rumour of who made it up, maybe that'd stop people quoting this shit...

You know though, I'm sure it's a mis-quote, and I think I know where it comes from...

Imagine you had a car with BIG bhp, but a tiny peaky powerband, and a gearbox without close ratios. So every time you changed up a gear, you dropped out the powerband, killing your acceleration. So despite the big peak power number, a lesser tuned car, which was less peaky so didn't drop out the powerband, and no doubt had more low/mid torque, would actually be faster; especially on tighter tracks.
In the old days, where this quote seems to originate from, this would be even more of an issue, especially with heavy "muscle" cars running 4, 3, or even 2 speed gearboxes, which means powerful but peaky cars would easily drop out the powerband and be shit slow compared to torquey but low power cars.
But these days, where you tend to have to either totally fuck up the spec to make it mega peaky, and even peaky engines have closely spaced 5/6/7/8 speed gearboxes, the likelyhood of even a road car being driven properly falling out the powerband is slim, and literally no chance on a well built race car.
That's my theory anyhow- This quote is out-dated and taken out of context.

Anyhow, this quote, almost always used by butthurt turbo diesel owners, low power V6 and V8 owners, and anyone arguing with a Honda owners, just makes people who are trying to be clever just sound clueless, like they've never had a proper race or even driven a performance car in their lives. I mean seriously? One tear up with a lower torque but higher power car would tell them their argument is pretty retarded.

When most people talk about torque, what they really mean is low/midrange grunt, and while it's great (I LOVE torque, it makes cars much more fun to drive, in fact it's why I love big boost turbo engines), and it's certainly something any performance engine, road or race, should aim for the maximum of, providing they've got the traction to make use of it, it's not what wins races, power is.

BHP is just Torque and Revs combined. It's a tricky one to explain in words, it's far easier to experience in reality by driving various cars, but torque is the "Strength" of your engine at a set rpm, but the faster your engine is spinning the bigger effect torque has on performance, so torque+rpm = POWER, which is key to how fast your engine can accelerate (providing it can stay in the powerband though the gears, that is!).

First up on the explanation list, a BMW F1 engine dyno graph (allegedly) from the a 2007 2.4ltr F1 engine...

So, what do we have here? Well, it's about 740bhp, and a pretty tiny 230lb/ft of torque.
So 6lb/ft less than a Golf TDI. And with about 150lb/ft at 6500rpm, it's got about the same torque at that RPM as an EP Civic Type-R, which frankly, isn't a whole lot- People make fun of Type-Rs for being torqueless, but F1 engines are no better.
Next up, a standard BMW 335D, 3ltr twin turbo diesel engine...

The above dyno is at the wheels, so I'm going to add about 30bhp/30lbft to these numbers, which about tallies up with the official 282bhp and 428lb/ft figures.
Either way, say peak torque is 428lb/ft, that's 200lb/ft more than a Formula Fucking One engine. And a remapped one is something upwards of 500lb/ft if I remember right, over DOUBLE what one of the modern V8 era F1 engines were.

Does that mean Formula 1 teams are stupid and they should've just used a 335D engine with a £150 plug in remap and be shitloads faster? Fuck no, as only retards think that.

Fuck, even comparing like for like cars, 335i vs 335d, and the 335i is plenty faster, despite "Only" having 20bhp more than the diesel, and about 130lb/ft LESS. Basically, it's not true.

The above picture is about the predictable thing every "Torque wins races" person says next... "But, but, but, WRC cars only have 300bhp but like 700lbt/ft, and they're mega fast, they win races" YES, but they've not got '300bhp' by choice- That's all they can manage because the rules dictated an inlet restrictor to prevent power going higher.
With no option of more power, no issues with traction due to 4wd and sticky tyres, AND a style of motorsport that involves a lot of very slow corners where instant momentary punch of acceleration is a big advantage, you'd be out of your mind not to go for maximum torque to go with the limited bhp you're stuck with.
But for next year the rules in WRC are changing once again, inlet restrictors bigger than ever, allowing more than 400bhp if I remember right. So will they still go for maximum possible power, if it's "Torque that wins races"? Fuck yes they will, as it's power that's the no1 performance enhancer.

Another argument by these people are "So, if torque isn't important, why do drag cars run big V8s?". Err, mostly as they're the easiest to get POWER from you clowns. The above car is Larry Larson's S10 10ltr twin turbo V8 pickup truck. Yeah it's got fucking shitloads of torque, but the reason it runs 5sec quarters at over 240mph is because the bloody thing has upwards of 3000bhp!
Torque is a BAD thing for him, and because of this he deliberately launches at just 8psi of boost, as at full boost it'd make so much torque it'd just smoke the tyres. In fact it's only ramped up to full boost (50psi!) by most the way down the track and he's already doing over 180mph! "Low RPM V8 Grunt" is literally no issue on fast drag cars either- Larry's car never sees under 8000rpm for the whole run after 1st gear!
So once again, power wins races, and in fact, torque can slow you down if you've got more than your tyres can handle...

Why do so many really, really, fast drag cars run centrifugal superchargers, despite turbos giving far more power, and positive displacement superchargers give far more torque? Because turbos and positive displacement superchargers give TOO MUCH torque for the grip, meaning too much wheelspin for any given power level, making them slower overall. Centrifugal chargers increase boost linearly with rpm, giving LOTS of power, almost as much as turbos, but adding only a little extra torque, especially at low and midrange rpm, so they are FAST due to the big power, but still don't wheelspin due to the lower torque.

It's the same reason a lot of the fastest FWD track cars run centrifugal chargers too- FWD is grip limited, and they need big power to "win races", but don't want too much torque or it overpowers the tyres, and thanks to the power delivery of the centrifugal charger they can use more throttle more of the time without it being wasted in wheelspin.

It's the same reason many production turbo cars, and most the fastest turbo race cars, run lower boost in lower gears and lower rpm, compared to in higher revs and rpm- To limit torque so they've got more traction, making them far faster overall.

It's also why naturally aspirated 2wd rally cars are often as fast, or faster, than the 4wd turbo rally cars, on grippy dry tarmac surfaces (where 4wd was no advantage), despite having the same power and often well over 400lb/ft LESS torque- Because its POWER that's the number one performance enhancer, not torque. This happened a lot in the late 90s, with the 4wd turbo WRC cars vs the N/A FWD F2 Maxi Kit cars...

Fuck no! Torque is awesome! Generally, I fucking hate cars with no torque! Surely, if you've any experience of driving at all, you know torque is great, but despite all this, it's not the key need for pure performance.
Low/midrange torque makes for a nicer, easier, car to drive, especially in slow/fast/slow/fast/slow driving, saving you constantly rowing the gearbox to stay at high rpm where the power is. It's why things like Type-R Hondas need driving hard and dropping gears constantly to be fast, and a Golf TDI just needs the throttle planting in almost any gear to go fast- But ultimately, the Honda, with more power, despite loads less torque, is the fastest if both are driven on the limit.
I drive like a dick and love drifting, so LOTS of torque to smoke the tyres is great for me too. I actually find a lot of drift car setups bizarre, as they ideally want torque but the engine isn't tuned/specced for it.
And regardless of drifting, I like BIG boost, as boost = torque, and torque = fun to drive, BUT if I wanted to go as fast as possible, while I'd want the MOST torque my tyres could handle- I'd not want more than that, as it'd be pointless.

So overall...
TORQUE = GOOD.
TORQUE IF YOU GOT THE GRIP FOR IT = FAST
BUT FAST? = POWERRRRRRRR

IF you're going to take influence from something when tuning your own engine, I always say don't just copy other tuned road cars, or even tuners demo cars, as they're usually massively flawed, no matter how quick and expensive- Take influence from race cars. When I mean race cars I don't mean just some random persons race car, I mean world class, best there is, race cars. They've got the best budgets, and the best people, so if they're doing something, and it's not JUST because the rules say so, it's fair to say it's good, and it's strong.
The problem is, most modern stuff is shrouded in secrecy, is heavily restricted by rules and regs, or is so out there that it's just not relatable to our own tuned cars.
So what do you do? Well I go back in time a bit. While electronics and so on have improved, the basic principles of tuning are still the same as the 80s, and 90s, in fact there's a lot of stuff from the 70s that's fucking genius compared to what we think of 'top' tuned engines these days, 40 odd years later.
This is still a big issue, as a lot of old race technology was just as secret back then, so nobody ever knew, and by the time it wasn't such a secret everyone had forgotten about it, so the true details are next to impossible to find on paper, but luckily, we have EYES and the internet has PICTURES, and those my friends, are able to put words in our brains, we call them thoughts and ideas and plans.

As any of you who've read my shiz before probably know, I love turbos, and boost, and anti-lag, and frankly anything to do with turbos, and for that reason, despite there being not much legit detail about them, and having zero interest in later N/A ones, I LOVE the Formula One Turbo engines of the late 70s and early 80s.
These engines were totally ground breaking, "inventing" and using many turbocharging methods that are even today only ever used in "Groundbreaking" turbocharged cars, well over thirty years later, and many that were used would be slated in a "WTF, that won't work" way by the typical internet bedroom tuners of today if they saw someones project car with it on, despite it being technology twice as old as some of these dickheads are.

ANYHOW, because of this, I've decided to do occasional features on certain mental turbo race car engines from back in the day (F1, GroupB, Rallycross, IMSA, and so on), as they are often VERY relevant to today's tuning, the info out there is practically zero, and frankly, they're cool as fuck.
What this WILL be though is me explaining what I see via pics etc, as almost none of the stuff I'll talk about is mentioned anywhere on these old F1 pages with engine details etc, which is a shame, as these mental engines are never done any justice due to this- They just talk about power and boost and that's it.

The one I'm going to start with certainly isn't the most famous or sucessful, but it's one of the most oddball, coolest, and most changed over the years, the Ferrari twin turbo V6 from the 126 series of F1 cars...

Right from the start of it's life in 1981, it was a 1496cc 24V V6, which had a tiny stroke of just 48mm. That's really small as these things were built to REV and make POWER rather than potter around at low rpm- A typical production 1.4-1.6ltr engine tends to have a stroke somewhere between 75 and 90mm.
Compression Ratio was LOW, about 6.5:1, despite running the most det-resistant fuels known to man, plus water injection, massive intercoolers, and more, and for a good reason too- to get BIG bhp per litre you need BOOST- These ran, at their peak, over 3bar (~45psi) in race trim (~660bhp), and over 4bar (~60psi) for batshit crazy qualifying 850bhp mode. 
This is the equivalent of a 2ltr engine pushing out over 1100bhp (qualifying) or 880bhp (race trim), and to lasting not just a couple of hard laps, a quick squirt up the street, or 8seconds up a drag strip, which is enough for most tuned road cars today to crap their pants, but 1.5 to 2 hours fucking flat out pedal to the metal full revs full boost full anti-lag racing. People can argue about this all day long, but you think even with modern ECUs and sensors you'll easily get an engine with that much bhp/litre lasting 2hr flat to the mat at 9.5/10.5/11.5:1? I don't. A lot of mappers can't keep engines together running 1.5bar and 8.5:1...

Anyhow, on to the cool shit you can see in pics...

First up, as above, at first the thing wasn't even turbocharged! It was "Sort of" supercharged, and what I mean by "Sort of" is it ran a Brown Boveri Comprex Pressure Wave supercharger. Those things are very odd, like a mix between a turbo and a supercharger, but in fact neither. They're rare, and a bit flawed, but very cool. The Wikipedia page about them is HERE. It was only tested like this, in 1981, and never raced, as you know what's better? TURBOS!

Despite the big deal about a few modern BMW and Mercedes Vee engines with the exhausts inside the Vee and the inlets on the outside, it's far from new, and this Ferrari engine ran like this, as the pic of a very early version above shows.
Twin KKK K26 (Possibly K27 compressor side) turbos, and a single, but  fucking massive, external wastegate.
Note the pre-turbo throttles, which was a very early way of helping combat turbo lag (put your hand over the vacuum cleaner inlet and listen to the rpm increase, same thing...).
Also note the inlet plenum design, which is basic, but done in this cone shape as a way to equalise airflow- The furthest away cylinders get the MOST air in a boosted application, which is another reason all these aftermarket 'high flow' box/blob inlet plenums are shite.

Another pic from a fairly early version show the less then sexy, but clearly fine, air filters, but most interestingly, how the wastegate is pushed open- Not by boost pressure like 99% are these days, but by EXHAUST BACKPRESSURE!
(follow the pipe from the bottom port of the wastegate to the turbine housing inlet)
This is actually VERY clever, as pre-turbine backpressure is key to power and reliability, more so even in my eyes than the pressure everyone knows, boost pressure.
As the pic below shows, the wastegate was piped up in the usual twin port way, with a typical vac line going to the top feeding it boost, allowing boost pressure levels to be controlled easier. Also note, below pic is later spec with full EFI.

Next up on the "Blimey, how interesting" list, the intercooler inlets and outlets...

The pic above in an early engine, but the design stayed the same regardless, simple as it's a good idea, and that's equal flow inlet and outlet designs for the (massive) intercoolers. 99% of intercoolers you see have a 3in (or less) round inlet and outlet pipe, but that isn't making the most of the intercooler at all, in fact a lot of the size is wasted. Having it as above makes sure the airflow is spread right across, massively improving cooling for any given size cooler. (also note, yet another different inlet plenum, but still smaller at the far end).

Look at the bottom right of this late spec version of the engine at the inlet plenum design. This is the "Twin Plenum" or "Equal Flow Plenum" style, used by Audi since the Group B days right through to modern LeMans etc cars, and often seen in Rallycross, WRC, and some tuned road cars. A quick google will find you pictures of the internals, but it basically directs air through a long but narrow slot the length of the main plenum, which gives far, far, more equal flow per cylinder than a traditional inlet on a boosted engine.
The more equal airflow per cyl, the easier a car is to tune for maximum reliability as well as power, and overall makes for a more efficient engine too. A BIG reason a whole lot of tuned turbo road cars blow up is because the AFR sensor signal they tend to be tuned from is an average from all the cylinders, but some cylinders get a LOT more airflow than others due to the unequal flow, so some run much leaner and much hotter than others, so while the average AFR might be 11.5, some might be 10.5, some might be 13+, so those lean cylinders pop head gaskets and melt pistons...

YET AGAIN, the above is something pretty ignored in the tuning world, esp in the UK, and when me and Zurawski Motorsport designed one for my RB20 engine, I got no end of shit, fucking pages and pages of it, from internet tuning experts (ie never built a good car in their life) telling me the design is shit, won't work, restrictive, etc etc, totally oblivious to the fact it'd been used on some of the worlds best engines for the last 30+ years.
Lo and behold my engine spooled amazingly well for the turbo size, made fucking mega power for a RB20 of that spec, and most importantly, was stupidly, hugely, det-resistant compared to most- Even 2bar on pump fuel there was no sign of it...

Next up, my favourite turbo thing in the whole world, and something rarely ever mentioned until cars of the 1990s, ANTI-LAG! I've never seen any info on it, but the pics clearly show it...

The type of anti-lag (ALS) used wasn't the basic throttle bypass ALS used on tuned road cars, most 90s rally cars, and still very popular in rallycross, but the better, albeit more complex version where the air goes directly from compressor outlet to turbine inlet, as per WRC cars and other current high-end turbo racers, the later versions of the legendary Audi Group B car, plus late Celica GT4 rally cars, and later Mitsubishi Evo rally cars.
Amazingly, and I'm still not 100% how it was done, but even on early mechanically fuel injected engines (as above) it was used. The above engines aren't the only mechanically injected F1 Turbo engines that ran it (See upcoming features), but from what I've guestimated from the pics, the increased fueling needed when the ALS was operational even with mechanical injection (rather than EFI, where the ECU has control over the injectors) was done via Hobbs switches and other basic sensors.

You may be thinking "What the fuck on the above pic hints at anti-lag anyhow?" well, that's the T-piece just after the compressor outlet with the green hose on it that disappears under the air filters. Logically that can only be for 2 things, a dump valve, or the above form of ALS. I was 100% sure they didn't run dump valves, but still, I'd like to see more pics before I was sure it was for the ALS. Luckily, there's this pic...

While the mechanics are busy swapping turbos, you can once again see the green pipe, but most importantly, notice one exhaust pipe running forwards, between the compressor housings, to what looks like a clamp, then a valve. That is 101% only one thing, the ALS valve, that lets the fresh air from the compressor outlets in to the exhaust pre-turbine. 
EDIT- In fact, to double confirm it, I found this pic too last night, fairly clearly showing the ALS valve between the two turbo inlet trumpets...

The above picture shows a late spec engine showing a good view of most of what we've talked about. The equal flow inlet plenums, the equal flow intercooler pipework, the anti-lag outlet pipe, and also note, as this is a late spec engine, it's running EFI with 2 injectors per cylinder.
Also, look at the temperature sensor stickers, measuring not only compressor outlet temp, but temp at each inlet port, showing not only how good the intercooler is, but will help indicate how equal the flow is too.
Intercooler is made by Behr, who are about the best intercooler makers in the world, and made the standard Sierra Cosworth intercoolers too, which are amazingly good for their size too.
On a related note, the ECU setups on these were Weber Marelli ones with Bosch injectors, just like Cosworths, Integrales, Ferrari F40s, and many other legendary 80s and 90s turbo cars.
Finally for above, can you spot something else different from earlier engines?

Yep, late engines seem to have a different head design, with 2 exhaust ports per cylinder, ie one per valve. Some, albeit not many, road car engines have this, such as the 1.9ltr 16V engine found in the Peugeot 405 Mi-16.

Anyhow, that's about it for this time. Hope it's not just me that finds these fucking mental old engines really interesting. I really do hope it's not just me, as if more people took their design influence from these there'd be a whole lot cooler and faster cars out there in 2016...

Stav

PS- Here's a couple more random pics of this mental (albeit nowhere near the best F1 Turbo engine of its era) motor...